== Ranges == All values are [[ https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/ChamberQuantification2015.pdf | ASE ]] standards except those in //italic// which are lab standards. ==== Left Ventricle ==== ^ ^ Men ^^^^ Women ^^^^ ^ ^ Normal ^ Mild ^ Moderate ^ Severe ^ Normal ^ Mild ^ Moderate ^ Severe ^ | Septal wall thickness (cm) | 0.6–1.0 | 1.1–1.3 | 1.4–1.6 | >1.6 | 0.6–0.9 | 1.0–1.2 | 1.3–1.5 | >1.5 | | Posterior wall thickness (cm) | 0.6–1.0 | 1.1–1.3 | 1.4–1.6 | >1.6 | 0.6–0.9 | 1.0–1.2 | 1.3–1.5 | >1.5 | | LV diastolic diameter (cm) | 4.2–5.8 | 5.9–6.3 | 6.4–6.8 | >6.8 | 3.8–5.2 | 5.3–5.6 | 5.7–6.1 | >6.1 | | LVEF (%) | 52–72 | 41–51 | 30–40 | <30 | 54–74 | 41–53 | 30–40 | <30 | ==== Right Ventricle ==== ^ ^ Normal ^ Mild ^ Moderate ^ Severe ^ | RV basal diameter (mm) | 25-41 | //42-44// | //45-48// | //≥49// | | TAPSE (mm) | ≥17 | ||| | Pulsed Doppler S wave (cm/sec) | ≥9.5 | ||| | RV fractional area change (%) | ≥35 | ||| ==== Left Atrium ==== ^ ^ Normal ^ Mild ^ Moderate ^ Severe ^ | Maximum LA volume/BSA (mL/m2) | 16–34 | 35–41 | 42–48 | >48 | ==== Right Atrium ==== ^ ^ Men ^^^^ Women ^^^^ ^ ^ Normal ^ Mild ^ Moderate ^ Severe ^ Normal ^ Mild ^ Moderate ^ Severe ^ | RA volume (mL/m²) | ≤32 | //33-39// | //40-46// | //>46// | ≤27 | //28-34// | //35-41// | >41 | ==== Aortic Valve ==== ^ Stenosis ^ Mild ^ Moderate ^ Severe ^ |Aortic jet peak velocity (m/s) | 2.6-2.9 | 3.0-4.0 | >4.0 | |Mean gradient (mmHg) | <20 | 20-40 | >40 | |Valve area (cm²) | >1.5 | 1.0-1.5 | <1.0 | |Indexed valve area (cm²/m²) | >0.85 | 0.60-0.85 | <0.6 | |Velocity ratio | >0.50 | 0.25-0.50 | <0.25 | ^ Regurgitation ^ Mild ^ Moderate ^ Severe ^ |Jet width/LVOT width, central jets (%) | <25 | 25-64 | ≥65 | |VCW (cm) | <0.3 | 0.3-0.6 | >0.6 | | Jet deceleration rate (PHT, msec) | >500 | 500-200 | <200 | ==== Mitral Valve ==== ^ Stenosis ^ Mild ^ Moderate ^ Severe ^ |Valve area (cm²) | >1.5 | 1.0-1.5 | <1.0 | |Mean gradient (mmHg) | <5 | 5-10 | >10 | ^ Regurgitation ^ Mild ^ Moderate ^ Severe ^ |Vena contract width (cm) | <0.3 | //0.31-0.69// | ≥0.7 | |EROA, 2D PISA (cm2) | <0.20 | 0.20-0.39 | ≥0.40 | ==== Pulmonary Valve ==== ^ Stenosis ^ Mild ^ Moderate ^ Severe ^ |Peak velocity (m/s) | <3 | 3-4 | >4 | ==== Tricuspid Valve ==== ^ Regurgitation ^ Mild ^ Moderate ^ Severe ^ |Vena contract width (cm) | <0.3 | 0.3-0.69 | ≥0.7 | |EROA, 2D PISA (cm2) | <0.20 | 0.20-0.39 | ≥0.40 | ==== Aorta ==== {{::aortic-root-nomogram.png?600|}} ^ ^ Men ^^^^ Women ^^^^ ^ ^ Normal ^ Mild ^ Moderate ^ Severe ^ Normal ^ Mild ^ Moderate ^ Severe ^ | Proximal ascending aorta cm/m² | <1.8 | ≥1.8 | | | <2.0 | | Proximal ascending aorta cm | | | //4.5// | //5.0// | ==== Inferior Vena Cava ==== ^ ^ Normal ^ Abnormal ^ | Diameter | <2.2 | ≥2.2 | | Compression with sniff (%) | ≥50 | <50 | ^ Size ^ Sniff compression ^ RA Pressure ^ | <2.2 cm | >50% | 3 mmHg | | ≥2.2 cm | >50% | 8 mmHg | | <2.2 cm | <50% | 8 mmHg | | ≥2.2 cm | <50% | 15 mmHg |